Análisis de los textos escolares del estudiante de ciencias naturales en primer ciclo básico desde la perspectiva de la terminología anatómica internacional / Analysis of science and biology school textbooks in primary from the perspective of international anatomical terminology

A pesar de los esfuerzos por generar una terminología unificada, hoy en día aún se implementan términos morfológicos obsoletos en diferentes contextos, como por ejemplo, los textos escolares, que son herramientas ampliamente utilizadas por el sistema escolar chileno. Se analizó la terminología morfológica utilizada en textos del estudiante de enseñanza básica (1° básico a 6° básico) propuestos por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile. Este análisis se realizó comparando los términos hallados en los textos mencionados, con la terminología morfológica propuesta por la federación internacional de terminología anatómica. Además, se propone una traducción al español para aquellos términos que se encuentran erróneos en los textos analizados. Los resultados muestran que de un total de 254 términos el 35,8 % es incorrecto. De estos, los más mencionados por los textos son: sistema locomotor, sistema circulatorio, brazo, entre otros. Frente a esto, se concluye que es importante que los textos escolares utilizados en el sistema educativo sean revisados por expertos, para evitar obstáculos en el aprendizaje de la anatomía.

SUMMARY: Despite efforts to generate a unified terminology, obsolete morphological terms are still used in different contexts, such as school textbooks, which are tools widely used by the Chilean school system. The morphological terminology used in texts for elementary school students (grades 1 to 6) proposed by the Chilean Ministry of Education was analyzed. This analysis was carried out by comparing the terms found in the school texts with the morphological terminology proposed by the international federation of anatomical terminology. In addition, a translation into Spanish is proposed for those terms that are found to be erroneous in the texts analyzed. The results show that out of a total of 254 terms, 35.8 % are incorrect. Among the terms with errors, the most mentioned by the texts are: locomotor system, circulatory system, arm, among others. In view of this, we conclude that it is important that the textbooks used in the educational system be reviewed by experts to avoid obstacles in the learning of anatomy.

De la razón moral a la de experto: discursos y prácticas sobre la salud en los manuales escolares del franquismo (1936-1975) / Da razão moral à especializada: discursos e práticas sobre saúde nos livros escolares de Franco (1936-1975) / From moral reason to expert reason: discourses and practices on health in Franco's school textbooks (1936-1975)

El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar la cultura de la salud promovida en las escuelas primarias españolas bajo el ideario del régimen franquista (1936-1975). Para ello, hemos indagado en los manuales escolares del periodo, recursos fundamentales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con los que se trató de modificar la conducta de la población en relación con la salud y la enfermedad. Desde un enfoque etnográfico hemos analizado tanto el discurso sobre las prácticas infantiles, como el ideario de cuerpo y salud promovido. Si bien, disciplina y control social propios del régimen dejaron su impronta en la salud enseñada, las transformaciones sociales y políticas lo fueron modulando hacia una noción de salud menos moralizadora pero más deudora del discurso experto. (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a cultura da saúde promovida nas escolas primárias espanholas sob a ideologia do regime franquista (1936-1975). Para este fim, investigamos os livros escolares do período, recursos fundamentais no processo ensino-aprendizagem, que foram utilizados para tentar modificar o comportamento da população em relação à saúde e à doença. A partir de uma abordagem etnográfica, analisamos tanto o discurso sobre as práticas das crianças quanto à ideologia do corpo e da saúde promovida. Embora a disciplina e o controle social do regime tenham deixado sua marca na saúde ensinada, as transformações sociais e políticas o modulavam no sentido de uma noção menos moralizadora de saúde, mas mais endividada com o discurso dos especialistas. (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the culture of health promoted in Spanish primary schools under the ideology of the Franco regime (1936-1975). To this end, we have investigated the school textbooks of the period, fundamental resources in the teaching-learning process, which were used to try to modify the behaviour of the population in relation to health and illness. From an ethnographic approach, we have analysed both the discourse on children's practices and the ideology of body and health promoted. Although the regime's own discipline and social control left their mark on the health taught, social and political transformations gradually modulated it towards a less moralising notion of health that was more indebted to expert discourse. (AU)

Análisis de los textos escolares de ciencias naturales y biología desde la perspectiva de la terminología anatómica internacional: sistema cardiovascular / Analysis of science and biology school textbooks from the perspective of the international anatomical terminology: cardiovascular system

RESUMEN: Los textos escolares en Chile siguen siendo un recurso educativo ampliamente utilizado por los profesores/as, por lo tanto, son herramientas pedagógicas que deben contar con una correcta terminología, garantizando una comunicación eficiente y precisa. En este sentido, la Terminología Anatómica Internacional aborda la organización de nombres de estructuras humanas, sin embargo, se ha observado que aún existen problemas en la correcta denominación de estructuras, generando problemas de comunicación entre profesionales y estudiantes de ciencias. En esta investigación se analizaron los términos histológicos, embriológicos y anatómicos del sistema cardiovascular humano presentes en los libros de texto escolares de 7º a 12vo grado de Ciencias Naturales y Biología, impartidos por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile. El análisis fue realizado comparando los términos utilizados en los textos con los términos oficiales del Programa Federativo Internacional de Terminologías Anatómicas y del Comité Federativo Internacional en Terminología Anatómica. Los resultados indican que el 25 % de términos analizados presentan errores y de ellos un 100 % corresponden a sinonimias. Se concluye que persisten errores en la adecuada denominación de las estructuras del cuerpo humano en los textos escolares. Al respecto, se sugiere una serie de líneas de trabajo que deberán reunir a los profesores/as y especialistas como anatomistas y biólogos para corregir los errores existentes.

SUMMARY: School textbooks in Chile remain an educational resource widely used by teachers, therefore, they are pedagogical tools that must have a correct terminology, ensuring efficient and accurate communication. In this sense, The International Anatomical Terminology addresses the organization of names of human structures. However, it has been observed that there are still problems in the correct naming of structures, creating communication problems between professionals and science students. In this research, the histological, embryological, and anatomical terms of the human cardiovascular system present in school textbooks from 7th to 12th grade of Sciences and Biology, taught by the Chilean Ministry of Education, were analyzed. The analysis was carried out by comparing the terms used in the texts with the official terms of the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology and International Federative Committee for Anatomical Terminology. The results indicate that 25 % of the terms analyzed have errors and of these 100 % correspond to synonyms. It is concluded that errors persist in the proper naming of the structures of the human body in school textbooks. In this regard, a series of lines of work are suggested, that should bring together teachers and specialists such as anatomists and biologists to correct existing errors.

De Vision a face2face: recorrido en sentido de avance en la enseñanza del inglés general / From Vision to face2face: a way towards progress in the teaching of general English

RESUMEN Introducción: la colaboración médica internacionalista y la profusa literatura publicada en inglés motivan la actualización de bibliografías para su enseñanza en las universidades de ciencias médicas. Objetivo: analizar los textos de las series Vision y face2face en un recorrido donde se aprecia el avance del segundo sobre el primero. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para desarrollar un análisis crítico reflexivo del contenido; se consideraron programas de estudio, tesis de maestría, artículos originales y de revisión publicados entre 2010-2018, en español e inglés, usando Google Académico, en el período noviembre 2017-enero 2019. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: inglés general, ciencias médicas, proceso enseñanza aprendizaje y estudiantes de pregrado. Tras identificar los estudios preseleccionados, se realizó la lectura de títulos y resúmenes para comprobar su pertinencia con el estudio. Desarrollo: varios libros de texto para la enseñanza del inglés general comenzaron a utilizarse en las universidades de ciencias médicas cubanas en 1965, hasta que en 2007-2008 se introdujo la serie cubana Vision, muy polémica y criticada por diversos autores; la aplicación del Plan D trajo consigo la implementación de la serie face2face, concebida en la University of Cambridge de la cual se están usando los dos primeros libros, en una reproducción fotocopiada por la editorial universitaria "Félix Varela". Conclusiones: el uso de la serie face2face ha representado un avance significativo en la enseñanza del inglés general por lo interesante de sus temas, materiales de apoyo y enfoque comunicativo dirigido a desarrollar las habilidades escuchar y hablar en situaciones sociales.

ABSTRACT Background: the internationalist medical collaboration and the profuse literature published in English motivate the updating of bibliographies for their teaching in medical sciences universities. Objective: to analyze the texts of the Vision and face2face series in a way towards progress where an advance of the later over the former is perceived. Methods: a bibliographic review was carried out to develop a reflexive critical analysis of the content; We considered study programs, master's theses, original and review articles published from 2010-to 2018, in Spanish and English, using Google Scholar, in the period from November 2017 to January 2019. The key words used were general English, medical sciences, teaching-learning process and undergraduate students. After identifying the pre-selected studies, the titles and abstracts were read to verify their pertinence with the study. Development: several textbooks for the teaching of general English began to be used in the universities of Cuban medical sciences in 1965, in 2007-2008 the Cuban series Vision was introduced, highly controversial and criticized by various authors; the application of Plan D brought with it the implementation of the face2face series, conceived at Cambridge University, where the first two books are being used, in a reproduction photocopied by the "Felix Varela", University publishing house Conclusions: the use of the face2face series has represented a significant advance in the teaching of general English because of its interesting themes, support materials and communicative approach aimed at developing listening and speaking skills in social situations.

A paradigmatic visionary perspective: professional master's in nursing / Una perspectiva paradigmática visionaria: maestría profesional en enfermeira / Uma perspectiva paradigmática visionária: mestrado profissional em enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To reflect on the key concepts of the book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and its applicability in professional master's in nursing. Method: This is a theoretical-reflective study that uses the philosophical and epistemological conceptions of the philosopher Thomas Samuel Kuhn to consider its applicability on the paradigm shift of stricto sensu graduate courses in nursing. The main concepts of Kuhn were used as support: paradigm, anomaly, scientific community and scientific revolution. Results: The propositions of this philosopher are applied to and support the theoretical reflection on professional master's programs, contributing to clarify what would be a paradigmatic visionary perspective in stricto sensu master's models in nursing. Conclusion: From Kuhn's propositions it was possible to conclude that professional master's programs in nursing can break away from the dominant paradigm, strengthening a scientific revolution within the academia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre los conceptos clave de la obra A estrutura das revoluções científicas y su aplicabilidad en el máster profesional en enfermería. Método: Estudio teórico-reflexivo que parte de las concepciones filosóficas y epistemológicas del filósofo Thomas Samuel Kuhn a fin de pensar su aplicabilidad en el cambio de paradigma de los cursos de postgrado stricto sensu en enfermería. Se buscó soporte en los principales conceptos de Kuhn: el paradigma, la anomalía, la comunidad científica y la revolución científica. Resultados: Las proposiciones del referido filósofo se aplican y al mismo tiempo sostienen la reflexión teórica sobre el máster profesional, contribuyendo a aclarar lo que sería una perspectiva paradigmática visionaria en la modalidad stricto sensu de maestría en enfermería. Conclusión: A través de las proposiciones de Kuhn se concluyó que los programas de maestría profesional en enfermería pueden romper con el paradigma dominante, potenciando una revolución científica en el ámbito académico.

RESUMO Objetivo: Refletir sobre os conceitos-chave da obra A estrutura das revoluções científicas e sua aplicabilidade no mestrado profissional em enfermagem. Método: Estudo teórico-reflexivo, que parte das concepções filosóficas e epistemológicas do filósofo Thomas Samuel Kuhn a fim de pensar sua aplicabilidade na mudança de paradigma dos cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu em enfermagem. Buscou-se suporte nos principais conceitos de Kuhn: paradigma, anomalia, comunidade científica e revolução científica. Resultados: As proposições do referido filósofo se aplicam e ao mesmo tempo sustentam a reflexão teórica sobre o mestrado profissional, contribuindo para aclarar o que seria uma perspectiva paradigmática visionária na modalidade stricto sensu de mestrado em enfermagem. Conclusão: Por meio das proposições de Kuhn foi possível concluir que os programas de mestrado profissional em enfermagem são capazes de romper com o paradigma dominante, potencializando uma revolução científica no âmbito acadêmico.

Hans Betzhold y el " superhombre " chileno: historia de una decepción, 1938-1943 / Hans Betzhold and the Chilean "superman: " a tale of disillusion, 1938-1943

Resumen El médico chileno Hans Betzhold publicó en 1939 el libro Eugenesia, obra que recibió múltiples galardones y tuvo una segunda edición en 1942. Ambas ediciones y la participación de Betzhold en las Segundas Jornadas Peruanas de Eugenesia de 1943 lo muestran como un actor importante del campo eugénico chileno. Este trabajo analiza su transición desde la publicación de Eugenesia, en la cual propone una Oficina Nacional de Eugenesia aunando proyectos y leyes existentes para hacer realidad el ideal eugénico hasta su intervención, en el año 1943 en la que su optimismo cede a la decepción en torno a la tarea de engendrar un "superhombre chileno".

Abstract The Chilean physician Hans Betzhold published the book Eugenesia (Eugenics) in 1939, which was a work that received multiple awards and ran to a second edition in 1942. Both editions and the participation of Betzhold at the Second Peruvian Conference on Eugenics in 1943 attest to the fact that he was an important actor in the field of Chilean eugenics. This paper analyzes his transition from the publication of Eugenesia, in which he proposes a National Eugenics Department combining existing projects and laws to make the eugenic ideal a reality until its intervention, in the year 1943, when his optimism yields to disillusion regarding the task of creating a "Chilean superman."

A Vida Sexual, de Egas Moniz: eugenia, psicanálise e a patologização do corpo sexuado feminino / A Vida Sexual (The Sexual Life), by Egas Moniz: eugenics, psychoanalysis, and the pathologization of the female sexed body

Resumo O artigo analisa a obra A vida sexual, do neurologista português Egas Moniz, que intencionava com ela divulgar instruções médicas sobre o corpo sexuado. Compilada nos tomos "Fisiologia" e "Patologia" em 1902, teve 19 edições até sua censura pelo Estado Novo português, em 1933. Nela, Moniz elabora um discurso de diferenciação sexual ancorado em ampla bibliografia produzida entre fins do século XIX e início do século XX, em um contexto de intensos debates acerca de papéis de gênero. Observa-se que seu autor recorreu a múltiplos dispositivos de significação da sexualidade - como a eugenia e a teoria freudiana - para difundir sua ideia de que "o homem é essencialmente sexual, a mulher é essencialmente mãe".

Abstract An analysis is presented of A vida sexual (The sexual life), by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz, in which the author divulged medical instructions about the sexed body. Complied in two volumes - "Physiology" and "Pathology" - in 1902, it was edited 19 times until it was censored under the Portuguese military dictatorship in 1933. In the work, Moniz devises a discourse of sexual differentiation anchored in an extensive bibliography produced between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in a context of intense debate about gender roles. Moniz drew on several theories to define sexuality - including eugenics and Freudian theory - to express his idea that "man is essentially sexual, woman is essentially mother."

Kraepelin's views on obsessive neurosis: a comparison with DSM-5 criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder

Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) is considered one of the founders of modern psychiatric nosology. However, his conceptualization of obsessive-compulsive phenomena is relatively understudied. In this article, we compare and contrast excerpts from the eighth edition (1909-1915) of Kraepelin's Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry focusing on what Kraepelin called "obsessive neurosis" and related "original pathological conditions" with the current DSM-5 criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Consistently with DSM-5 OCD, Kraepelin described obsessive neurosis as characterized by obsessive ideas, compulsive acts, or both together. His detailed descriptions of these symptoms are broadly coherent with their characterization in DSM-5, which is also true for the differential diagnoses he provided. He also mentioned cases illustrating decreased insight into symptoms and association with tic disorders. In conclusion, Kraepelin's experience, which reflects decades of consistent clinical work, may help validate current ideas and explain how the current conceptualization has emerged and developed. Even though one can hardly say that the classification laid out in DSM-5 goes back to Kraepelin's views directly, it still is true that Kraepelin played an outstanding role in systematizing psychiatric diagnostic criteria in general, and provided a major contribution to the conceptual history of OCD.

Novas raças, novas doenças: a possibilidade colonizadora por meio da mistura racial em History of Brazil (1810-1819) de Robert Southey / New races, new diseases: the possibility of colonization through racial mixing in History of Brazil (1810-1819) by Robert Southey

Resumo A possibilidade de o clima alterar o temperamento de pessoas não nativas de determinada região era crença difundida desde antes do descobrimento da América. As mudanças de ar, temperatura e alimentação, acreditava-se, poderiam contribuir decisivamente para a degeneração ou o florescimento das raças. No Novo Mundo, as raças negra, europeia e indígena foram mescladas, reconfigurando doenças europeias. Exploro neste artigo como, na avaliação do historiador Robert Southey, essa mistura de raças foi tida como bastante positiva, principalmente a do indígena com a do português, que gerava o mameluco. Os paulistas, que eram mamelucos, foram apresentados em History of Brazil como herdeiros do temperamento empreendedor português e da infatigabilidade indígena.

Abstract The possibility that the climate altered the temperament of people who were not native to a given region was a widely held belief even before the discovery of the Americas. Changes in air, temperature, and diet were believed to contribute decisively to whether races degenerated or flourished. In the New World, the black, European, and indigenous races mixed, reconfiguring European diseases. I explore how historian Robert Southey viewed this mixture of races in a positive light, especially the mixture of indigenous and Portuguese blood, resulting in the mameluco. The mamelucos from São Paulo are presented in Southey’s History of Brazil as inheriting the Portuguese enterprising spirit with the tireless nature of the indigenous people.

Elementary lesions in dermatological semiology: literature review

Abstract: Discrepancies in the terminology of elementary lesions persist when texts from Dermatology and Semiology books are compared, which can cause some confusion in both the teaching of undergraduate medical students and the learning acquired by professionals in the field. This review aims to compare and clarify the differences in the description of elementary lesions by many authors, used as references for specialists in dermatology.

Cesárea, aperfeiçoando a técnica e normatizando a prática: uma análise do livro Obstetrícia, de Jorge de Rezende / Cesarean sections, perfecting the technique and standardizing the practice: an analysis of the book Obstetrícia, by Jorge de Rezende

Resumo Discute a apropriação e o desenvolvimento das técnicas de cesariana pelos médicos no Brasil, no século XX, analisando o capítulo “Operação cesariana”, de três edições do livro-texto Obstetrícia, de Jorge de Rezende. O protagonismo desse autor na obstetrícia criou disposições para a normalização da prática da cesárea. As redes de significados praticadas nessa comunidade científica abarcam uma “disposição para um sentir e para um agir” (Fleck) que balizam a cesárea como um parto “normal”: manifesta normas que excluem imprevisibilidade, descontrole, caos, perigos associados à fisiologia do parto, atendendo à exigência de controle, disciplinamento e segurança, atributos associados às práticas técnicas e tecnológicas da biomedicina.

Abstract This article discusses the development of techniques for cesarean sections by doctors in Brazil, during the 20th century, by analyzing the title “Operação Cesárea” (Cesarean Section), of three editions of the textbookObstetrícia, by Jorge de Rezende. His prominence as an author in obstetrics and his particular style of working, created the groundwork for the normalization of the practice of cesarean sections. The networks of meaning practiced within this scientific community included a “provision for feeling and for action” (Fleck) which established the C-section as a “normal” delivery: showing standards that exclude unpredictability, chaos, and dangers associated with the physiology of childbirth, meeting the demand for control, discipline and safety, qualities associated with practices, techniques and technologies of biomedicine.

Importância histórica dos manuais de sociologia da saúde e de suas narrativas / Sociology of health textbooks and narratives: historical significance

Resumo Este artigo tem como ponto de partida duas ideias centrais: a dos manuais como forma de produção e divulgação do conhecimento e a narrativa como abordagem. Após uma breve revisão dos estudos realizados sobre manuais da sociologia médica/saúde, foram analisados alguns exemplares desses manuais no período de 1900-2012 produzidos nos Estados Unidos e Inglaterra. Foram selecionados onze manuais julgados como representativos. Além de uma análise de conteúdo, os manuais são situados no interior do processo de constituição da sociologia médica/saúde com breves referências à biografia dos autores. Os manuais analisados foram classificados segundo as principais características narrativas: médico-centrados; interdisciplinar; pedagógicos; analíticos; quase-autobiográfico; crítico; sintético-reflexivo. Nas considerações finais são apresentados alguns pontos sobre as perspectivas dos manuais, limites e possibilidades.

Abstract This article has as its starting point two central ideas: textbooks as a means of production and dissemination of knowledge and narrative as an approach. After a brief review of studies on health/medical sociology textbooks, I analyze a few of these textbooks from the 1900-2012 period, produced in the United States and England. I have selected eleven textbooks which I thought were representative. In addition to a content analysis, the textbooks are located within the process of constitution of the health/medical sociology with brief references to the biographies of the authors. The textbooks analyzed were classified according to the main narrative features: doctor-centered; interdisciplinary; pedagogical; analytical; almost autobiographical; critical; and synthetic-reflective. In the final remarks, some points about the textbooks, limits and possibilities are presented.

Abordagem sobre as doenças negligenciadas: anßlise de livros didßticos de Biologia do Ensino Médio / Approach on neglected diseases: analysis of textbooks high school Biology

As doenças negligenciadas são prevalentes em países com baixo ProdutoInterno Bruto (PIB) e que apresentam deficiências nos serviços bßsicos deinfraestrutura nas ßreas urbanas e rurais, precßria assistência médica, mão deobra especializada e baixos investimentos na educação e saúde. A educaçãoem saúde apresenta-se como um mecanismo que potencializa as premissasestabelecidas pela Promoção da Saúde para o enfrentamento de doençasinfectocontagiosas. O objetivo principal da pesquisa consistiu em conhecer aabordagem sobre as doenças negligenciadas no ensino formal. Para arealização desse estudo, priorizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, com revisãobibliogrßfica sobre as doenças negligenciadas e a educação em saúde, tendocomo instrumento de coleta de dados, a anßlise documental. Foram analisadosos livros didßticos de Biologia indicados no Plano Nacional do Livro Didßtico(PNLD 2012), para investigar a abordagem textual e imagética sobre setedoenças negligenciadas: dengue, doença de Chagas, esquistossomose,leishmanioses (tegumentar e visceral), hanseníase, malßria e tuberculose. Osresultados apontam que nos livros didßticos a abordagem sobre essas doençasainda é prioritariamente biomédica, com enfoque conteudista edescontextualizada da realidade de professores e estudantes, contrariando asorientações presentes nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacional (PCN) para oEnsino Médio e os PCN eixo transversal Saúde. Esses resultados indicam anecessidade de mais estudos sobre o ensino-aprendizagem dessas doenças nocontexto formal do ensino e elaboração de estratégias para abordagens maiscontextualizadas pautadas nas diretrizes da educação em saúde e que estãopresentes nos documentos oficiais dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacional, eixotransversal Saúde, da Promoção da Saúde e do Programa Saúde da Escola...

Neglected diseases are prevalent in countries with low Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and that present deficiencies in basic infrastructure in urban and ruralareas, poor health care, skilled labor and low investment in education and health.Health education is presented as a mechanism that enhances the premisesestablished by Health Promotion for dealing with infectious diseases. The mainresearch objective was to know the approach on neglected diseases in formaleducation. To carry out this study, a qualitative research was prioritized, withliterature review on neglected diseases and health education, with the datacollection instrument, document analysis. Biology textbooks were analyzedindicated in the National Textbook Plan (PNLD 2012), to investigate the textualand imagery approach on seven neglected diseases: dengue, Chagas' disease,schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis (cutaneous and visceral), leprosy, malaria andtuberculosis. The results show that in the textbooks the approach to thesediseases is still primarily biomedical, with conteudista and decontextualizedapproach the reality of teachers and students, contrary to the guidelines in theNational Curriculum Parameters (PCN) for the high school and the NCPtransverse axis Health . These results indicate the need for more studies on theteaching and learning of these diseases in the formal teaching context anddeveloping strategies for more contextualized approaches guided in healtheducation guidelines and present the official documents of the NationalCurriculum Parameters, transverse axis Health, Health Promotion and SchoolHealth Program...

O texto escrito como recurso didático nas aulas de educação física: perspectivas e experiências dos professores / El texto escrito como recurso didáctico en las clases de educación física: perspectivas y experiencias de los maestros / Written texts as a teaching resource in physical education classes: teachers’ perspectives and experiences

Com o objetivo de analisar o texto escrito como recurso didático aplicado no ensino da Educação Física e compreender as percepções e práticas construídas por professores que utilizam este recurso em suas aulas, realizamos entrevistas com 21 professores. Os participantes acreditam na relevância desta intervenção, selecionam textos diversificados e relacionados com temáticas atuais da Educação Física, construindo um processo pedagógico coerente com o que propõe a literatura sobre a temática analisada. Assim, percebemos que eles se preocupam com a contribuição da Educação Física para a construção do leitor, sem deixar de lado os conhecimentos específicos da área.

The aim of this study was to analyze written text as a teaching resource used to teach Physical Education and understand perceptions and practices constructed by teachers using that resource in their classes. We interviewed 21 teachers who believe in the relevance of this intervention, select diverse texts related to current Physical Education topics, building a consistent pedagogical process with what literature suggests on the topic. Therefore, we see that they care about the contribution of Physical Education for readers’ construction, without neglecting the specific knowledge of the area.

Con el objetivo de analizar el texto escrito como recurso didáctico aplicado en la enseñanza de la Educación Física y comprender las percepciones y prácticas construidas por profesores que utilizan ese recurso en sus clases, fueron entrevistados 21 maestros. Los participantes están convencidos de la importancia de esta intervención, seleccionan textos diversos y relacionados con temas actuales de la Educación Física, construyendo un proceso pedagógico coherente con lo que propone la literatura sobre el tema analizado. Así, se percibe que se preocupan con la contribución de la Educación Física para la construcción del lector, sin dejar de lado los conocimientos específicos del área.

Medieval European Medicine and Asian Spices / 의사학

This article aimed to explain the reasons why Asian spices including pepper, ginger, and cinnamon were considered as special and valuable drugs with curative powers in the Medieval Europe. Among these spices, pepper was most widely and frequently used as medicine according to medieval medical textbooks. We analyzed three main pharmacology books written during the Middle Ages. One of the main reasons that oriental spices were widely used as medicine was due to the particular medieval medical system fundamentally based on the humoral theory invented by Hippocrates and Galen. This theory was modified by Arab physicians and imported to Europe during the Middle Ages. According to this theory, health is determined by the balance of the following four humors which compose the human body: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Each humor has its own qualities such as cold, hot, wet, and dry. Humoral imbalance was one of the main causes of disease, so it was important to have humoral equilibrium. Asian spices with hot and dry qualities were used to balance the cold and wet European diet. The analysis of several major medical textbooks of the Middle Ages proves that most of the oriental spices with hot and dry qualities were employed to cure diverse diseases, particularly those caused by coldness and humidity. However, it should be noted that the oriental spices were considered to be much more valuable and effective as medicines than the local medicinal ingredients, which were not only easily procured but also were relatively cheap. Europeans mystified oriental spices, with the belief that they have marvelous and mysterious healing powers. Such mystification was related to the terrestrial Paradise. They believed that the oriental spices were grown in Paradise which was located in the Far East and were brought to the Earthly world along the four rivers flowing from the Paradise.

Uma abordagem sobre o uso de medicamentos nos livros didáticos de biologia como estratégia de promoção de saúde / An approach regarding the use of medication in biology textbooks as a strategy for health promotion

O uso inadequado de medicamentos constitui uma grande ameaça à saúde pública e os medicamentos ocupam a primeira posição dentre os agentes causadores de intoxicação no Brasil, à frente de venenos para roedores e insetos, drogas ilícitas, agrotóxicos, produtos de limpeza e alimentos estragados. Os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio (PCN+) dão grande ênfase à saúde, uma vez que encontramos o tema Medicamentos mencionado repetidas vezes em seus conteúdos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar as abordagens sobre o uso de medicamentos nos livros didáticos. Foram analisados onze livros didáticos de biologia, sendo seis constituídos de volumes únicos e cinco com três volumes cada, num total de vinte e um volumes. O uso racional de medicamentos deve ser considerado um tópico importante da promoção da saúde que atinge todos os setores da sociedade, devendo ser enfatizado na educação básica. Diante disso, e com base nos presentes resultados, sugerimos que os livros didáticos analisados sejam adequados às novas legislações e que os conteúdos o URM, atendendo assim as recomendações dos PCN+. Para tanto, os livros poderiam tratar de forma concisa os temas: automedicação, adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso, propagandas e reportagens sobre medicamentos entre outros.

The inappropriate use of medication represents a major threat to public health and drugs rank first among the agents causing intoxication in Brazil, ahead of poisons for rodents and insects, illegal drugs, pesticides, cleaning products and spoiled food. The National Curriculum of Secondary Education Parameters (PCN+) give major emphasis to health, since the reference to Drugs is mentioned repeatedly in the text. The scope of this research was to study the approaches to drug use in textbooks. For this purpose, eleven biology textbooks were analyzed, namely six single volumes and five with three volumes each, i.e. a total of twenty-one volumes. The rational use of medication should be considered an important topic for the promotion of health which affects all sectors of society and should be emphasized in basic education. In line with this idea and based on the results obtained, it is suggested that the textbooks analyzed should be adapted to the new legislation and content that addresses Rational Drug Use, thus meeting the recommendations of PCN+. In this context, the books should concisely address the following topics: self-medication, adherence to drug treatment, advertisements and reports on drugs, among others.